Inclusions in diffusion sapphires

One of the visual diagnostic signs of the refinement of sapphires by the method of beryllium diffusion are such blue inclusions. They are found in yellow, orange and red processed stones. Their appearance is associated with the decay of rutile (TiO2) inclusions. After destruction, titanium diffuses into the corundum structure and reacts with iron, causing a local blue color.
The presence of such inclusions is a sure sign of diffusion processing, but not every sapphire can be found. Therefore, it should be remembered that the most accurate method for the diagnosis of beryllium diffusion was and remains a mass spectrometric study of stone
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