open 10 am - 7 pm
laboratory is closed
Types of inclusions in minerals
Inclusions in stones is one of the diagnostic signs, because a detailed study of them can often help establish the nature of origin, the presence of external influences (refinement), and sometimes even the deposit and conditions for stone formation.
The inclusions themselves can be completely different in size and shape, and in composition are divided into solid, liquid and gas-liquid.
- Solid inclusions are small fragments of other minerals that were captured during or after stone growth. Sometimes it is these inclusions that can determine the color of the mineral;
- Liquid inclusions are cavities that are completely filled with a solution of one or another composition;
- Gas-liquid inclusions consist of a bubble of air and liquid and often occupy cavities that are negative crystals.
One-phase, two-phase, three-phase inclusions in minerals are also distinguished. In single-phase - the entire inclusion cavity is filled with liquid, in two-phase - there is a gas bubble in the cavity along with the liquid, and three-phase inclusions, in addition to liquid and gas, also contain a crystalline mineral. The composition of phases in inclusions can be quite diverse: the liquid phase can be represented by water, aqueous solutions or carbon dioxide, the solid phase is most often salt crystals - the most common are halite and sylvin, the composition of the gas phase of inclusions is still poorly studied, but there are assumptions that the bubble may contain carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water vapor.
According to the time of formation, inclusions in minerals are divided into protogenetic (relict), syngenetic and epigenetic. What does it mean?
- Protogenetic (relict) inclusions were formed before the mineral began to grow and were mechanical “obstacles” during its formation. An example of such inclusions is quartz “hairy” with numerous inclusions of rutile and black tourmaline.
- Syngenetic inclusions are inclusions that are formed together with the growth of the main crystal. An example of such inclusions are inclusions of olivine, pomegranate, and chromepenellides in diamond.
- Epigenetic inclusions are formed after the growth of the mineral and, in fact, have no genetic connection with it. So, for example, any fluid trapped in a mineral fracture can be considered an epigenetic inclusion.
In Russian, the term “amber” is borrowed from Lithuanian from “gintãras” - the name of lithified resin fossils from the coast of the Baltic Sea. ...
All deposits of fossilized fossilized resins are of exogenous origin, that is, are associated with factors of geological processes acting on the Earth's surface and in the upper layers of the lithosphere. ...
Usually chalcedony is most often found in the form of an unattractive dull gray or almost colorless variety, however, there are also colored chalcedony, which is an attractive material for making jewelry. ...
The modern opal market is filled with a variety of stones and products made from them, and prices for these stones can vary more than a thousand times ...
In practice, in the trade of marine cultured pearls produced by mollusks of the species Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera, as a rule, they adhere to a system of 4 gradations: "A" ("D"), "AA" ("C"), "AAA" ( "A / B"), "AAAA" ("A"). ...
The lack of deep green and clear emeralds is often compensated by refining stones in color and clarity, as well as synthetic stones. Simulations are also used to a lesser extent for this purpose. ...
The stone, later called "dianite", macroscopically is a dense rock of cryptocrystalline structure, characterized by bluish-gray and blue colors. ...
From an inexperienced point of view, it may seem that the central part of the East European platform, namely the region of the Moscow region, is deprived of gems. ...
We are starting a new cycle of publications about great researchers in the field of gemology and mineralogy. ...
We continue the cycle of significant days and people in gemology and mineralogy ...
The main indigenous industrial sources of diamonds are kimberlites and lamproites – alkaline-ultrabasic rocks of ancient platforms, forming mainly tube-shaped bodies, dikes and veins. ...
The world's largest platform for trade with diamonds is the "Rapaport", the price lists which guided the vast majority of diamond merchants in the world ...
When a Gemological study of stones and other jewelry gemologists use a wide range of equipment ...
Defects in jewelry significantly affect its consumer properties as a luxury, a decoration or status of the accessory, and, accordingly, limit its scope or make completely unusable ...
During one of the diagnostic examinations in our laboratory, the study of jewelry inserts in jewelry imitating black diamond, identified a variety of boron carbide a black color ...
The definition of authenticity, including tributaria, jewelry is a highly demanded field of expertise associated with expertise of the jewelry. Very relevant these types of activities when making secured transactions or sale-purchase jewelry in the ...
As is known, the motivation of consumers is an important aspect that is of particular importance for the prospects of market development, diamond products are most often purchased on the occasion of significant events and celebrations as gifts. One ...
As is known, the motivation of consumers is an important aspect that is of particular importance for the prospects of market development, diamond products are most often purchased on the occasion of significant events and celebrations as gifts. One ...
The definition of a gemstones, its origin and methods of refinement, if such has been applied, is one of the main objectives of Gemological expertise by expert Gemological laboratories ...
The lab was presented the crystal, in appearance resembling a natural diamond. The stone had a light-green color, the shape close to octahedral, and the weight of 9.71 ct. Its size was of 11.79 x 11.61 x 9,69 mm. ...
In determining the authenticity of a diamond, a gemologist should determine: Is this diamond made of diamond and is it natural; Has a diamond been trimmed to improve color and or clarity; The quality characteristics of the diamond " ...
This note will be useful to jewelry owners who wish to return, exchange jewelry that does not meet the requirements and expectations of the consumer. ...
The color of most natural topaz is associated with radiation defects in the structure of the crystal lattice of the stone. But, as a rule, natural stones do not possess residual radioactivity. Exceptions can be stones with internal inclusions of min ...
For the first time, the term “Pigeon’s Blood” (“Pigeon Blood”) was introduced by GRS (Gemresearch Swisslab) in 1996 for the qualitative characterization of ruby color in gemmological reports. In 1998, rubies with gemological reports describing color ...
When buying a diamond, it is important to understand which components form the price of a diamond. ...
Verification of the gemstone for authenticity, as a rule, consists in checking the gemstone (insert) for compliance with the information stated during the sale-purchase ...
